Organisational Behaviour - 4667 Words

Organizational Behavior Stimulating Forces To Differentiate Planned From Unplanned Change Apple‟s soon to be legacy... Page 1 Organizational Behavior Table Of Content Introduction page 3 Company Background Operational Definition page 4 Current Scenario page 5 Apple and Steve Jobs Current Position of Apple Smartphone Industry Trends page 6 Force Field Analysis page 7 Kurt Lewin‟s Model page 8 Criticism of Lewin‟s 3-Step Model page 12 Conclusion page 13 Appendix page 15 Reference List page 18 Page 2 Organizational Behavior Introduction Company Background Apple Inc. was established in 1977 to design, manufacture and market mobile communication and media†¦show more content†¦Planned change is successful with proper implementation of a Strategic Plan, reorganization, restructuring and other implementation of this magnitude. In their paper Liberatore et al. (2000) categorized these changes as knowledge creation, dissemination, altered coordination and communication patterns. They pointed out that people (and furthermore organizations) often fear and resist during changes hence Apple is exposed to the said risk. There are various forces which stimulate change such as your corporate culture, profits, leadership, stakeholders as well as several market analyses which help identify various extrinsic factors that impact an organization such as the ones conducted below for the benefit of our reader. Page 4 Organizational Behavior Current Scenario Apple Steve Jobs Forbes Magazine once published the following regarding Steve Jobs, â€Å"He violated every rule of management. He was not a consensus-builder but a dictator who listened mainly to his own intuition. He was a maniacal micromanager. He had an astonishing aesthetic sense, which businesspeople almost always lack. He could be absolutely brutal in meetings† (Allen, 2011) The distance between him and second best was humongous which may have been expressed by an article published in the Sunday Indian. â€Å"There was a time when during late 1997, someone had asked Michael Dell during a conference what he would have done had he been in Jobs’Show MoreRelatedOrganisational Behaviour What Is Organisational Behaviour?1166 Words   |  5 PagesORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR What is organisational behaviour? The study of human behaviour, attitudes and performance within an organisational setting; drawing on theory, methods and principles from such disciplines as psychology, sociology and cultural anthropology to learn about individual, groups and processes. Three different OB perspectives Macro-perspective; the big picture Micro-perspective; the smaller units Meso-perspective; integration and movement between macro and micros Three levelsRead MoreOrganisational Behaviour1292 Words   |  6 PagesOrganisation Behaviour is a study of a people, individuals and a group of peoples thinking, feeling and behaviour in a organisation. That is, it interprets people-organisation relationships in terms of the whole person, whole group, whole organisation, and while social system ï ¼Ë†Nwlink.com, 2008). Because most of us work in organisations, learning organisational behaviour is able to help us understand, predict and influence the behavious of others in organisational setting, and trends in organisationalRead More Organisational Behaviour 1534 Words   |  7 Pagesand the behaviour of groups and individuals within them† Derek Pugh’s (1971) This influential definition of organisational behaviour was by Derek Pugh in 1971. Human behaviour is the way people act and react to situations and circumstances, each individual is different, therefore it is essential for an organisation to study human behaviour in order to understand the workforce. By observing and understanding each individual the organisation would improve performance; organisational behaviour can beRead MoreOrganisational Behaviour1989 Words   |  8 PagesCognitive Intelligence (CI) and Emotional Intelligence (EI) are considered to be important individual differences in the field of organisational behaviour and there is a lot of research to support this statement. This essay will critically evaluate both concepts and discuss how cognitive ability and EI are applied in modern organisations. It is clear that CI and EI both have very different roles in the modern organisation and they assist in the prediction of success in both personal and professionalRead More Organisational Behaviour4208 Words   |  17 PagesUnit 3: Organisations and Behaviour Assignment 1 An organisation is defined as a clearly bounded group (or groups) of people interacting together to achieve a particular goal in a formally structured and co-coordinated way. A hierarchy organisation is when employees are ranked at various levels within the organisation, each level is one above the other. A tall hierarchical organisation has many levels and a flat hierarchical organisation will only have a few. Flat Hierarchy http://limkokwingmbaRead MoreOrganisational Behaviour2798 Words   |  12 PagesThe organisational organ known as the team is becoming more and more apparent in todays dynamic business world. Increasingly managers are searching for a means to improve production and keep their organisation competitive in the global market. A lot of these managers have turned to the team as a means for achieving this improvement. Quality circles were looked at to fulfil this role. However, this form of team is being phased out and may have posed as incubator for the current trend; self - managedRead MoreOrganisational Behaviour1542 Words   |  7 PagesThere are four theoretical approaches of organizational behaviours which are classical, systems, human relations and contingency approaches that used in management but not certain to use just one approach in a company. It is because every company has different circumstances during various periods. But management have to understand about the main featur es of each approach to make the best decision. Classical Approach Firstly, classical approach emphasis on the planning of the work, the technicalRead MoreOrganisational Behaviour6289 Words   |  26 Pages1.0 Introduction The aim of this report is to analyse two companies who have significantly different organisational structures. It will analyse the relationship between an organisations structure and culture and the effects on the business performance. Also the factors which influence an individual’s behaviour at work will be looked into. The two companies that will be focused on are: 1.1 British Telecom (BT) BT is a leading communications solutions provider serving customers throughout theRead MoreOrganisational Behaviour1757 Words   |  8 PagesINDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT THE MANAGERS JOB IN CONTEXT COURSE TITLE: ORGANISATIONS: BEHAVIOUR, STRUCTURE, PROCESSES PRESENTATION DATE: 06 / 05 / 2012 Table Of Contents: i) Abstract ii) Introduction iii) Job Responsibilities: Bank Manager iv) Key Personnel Description and Relationships a) Organization b) Tellers / Personal Bankers c) Customers - Existing / Potential d) Specialist Managers / RelationshipRead MoreOrganisational Behaviour1757 Words   |  8 PagesINDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT THE MANAGERS JOB IN CONTEXT COURSE TITLE: ORGANISATIONS: BEHAVIOUR, STRUCTURE, PROCESSES PRESENTATION DATE: 06 / 05 / 2012 Table Of Contents: i) Abstract ii) Introduction iii) Job Responsibilities: Bank Manager iv) Key Personnel Description and Relationships a) Organization b) Tellers / Personal Bankers c) Customers - Existing / Potential d) Specialist Managers / Relationship Managers e) Summary v) Diagram: Branch Structure

Models The Reality Of Being Fake - 2144 Words

Jordyn Ramos Honors English 10 Period 4 10 march 2016 Photoshopping Models: The Reality of Being Fake The majority of today’s society knows that many images in magazines are retouched or edited. What people do not know, is that practically every image in magazines are edited and models in them are completely photoshopped to be thinner, flawless, and unrealistic. Models should not be photoshopped because Photoshopped models have harmful effects on women in society, models themselves, and those images are bad for advertisement. There are many companies taking stands against Photoshop in advertising to help minimize the issue, but not enough is being done to put the issue to an end. Most people are unaware of what Photoshop is and what it is†¦show more content†¦Images with Photoshopped models have many consequences. In this case, the victims of Photoshop are women in society that look up to Photoshopped models as â€Å"real beauty†. This is because some women do not know that their ideas of beauty presented in magazines, are created by a computer program. In her article, â€Å"What’s behind the culture of Photoshop in Advertising† (2013), Susan Krashinsky introduced her argument that Photoshop was having negative effects on women. In order to develop her argument, Krashinsky used statistics and cited editors and companies that use Photoshop and know the severity of the topic. Since Krashinsky’s article, Photoshop has only grown bigger in the modeling industry; and its results on women have grown as well. Today, the effects of seeing Photoshopped models include eating disorders and distorted body images. The results of these physical, emotional, and psychological medical issues can vary, but are unhealthy and can become deadly, no matter the situation. Eating disorders are the most harmful consequences of Photoshop. Eating disorders are medical illnesses that result in unhealthy eating habits while wanting to lose weight. According to The American Medical Association, â€Å"Alterations made through processes like Photoshop can contribute to unrealistic body image expectations, eating disorders and other emotional problems† (Diller 1). This is because Photoshop, as previously mentioned, simply makes a

Julius Caesar And Superstitions Essay Example For Students

Julius Caesar And Superstitions Essay Superstitions are thought to be irrational, and resulting from either ignorance,or fear of the unknown. Some believe that superstitions can take control oftheir life, for instance, if a black cat crosses youre path, you will havebad luck. Most regard this as folklore and witchcraft. In the play Julius Caesarby William Shakespeare, superstitions took hold and played an important part ofmany peoples lives. The characters believed that they were getting a visioninto their future. Each character dealt with the superstition differently, somefeared them, and some disbelieved them. These superstitions not only gave thecharacters, but also the audience quick looks at what is to come. They areimportant, and help shape the way the play was performed, and interpreted. Thefirst superstition, which was clearly visible, is the soothsayer, who in thefirst act tells Caesar beware the ides of March. This is a superstition, becauseit is irrational, and it comes from a situation of high risk, and invol vesinfluences, which are unseen. This also shows Caesars arrogance, its not justthat he is not superstitious, but he also does not even let the soothsayerexplain himself. He laughs at the soothsayer, and says he is a dreamer, letus leave him, pass. The soothsayer is warning him of his own death date, andhe laughs at him. He does not believe in superstition, and this is clear by hisreaction, many others in his situation would be fearful of the ides of March,from the warning and omen, he got. Caesar believes he is more powerful thendestiny, and that he will have nothing to worry about. Caesars arrogance costhim his life, and showed that superstitions sometimes do come true. The nextsuperstition occurred the day of his death. Calpurina urges Caesar not to go tosenate today. She tells Caesar of the horrible dream she had, the night beforethe ides of March. Caesar recalls the dream to the other men. The cause is inmy will. I will not come. That is enough to satisfy the senate. But for yo ureprivate satisfaction, because I love you, I will let you know. Calpurnia here,my wife stays me out home. She dreamt tonite she saw my statue, which like afountain with an hundred spouts, did run pure blood; and many lust Romans camesmiling and did bathe their hands in it. And these does she apply for warningsand portents and evils imminent, and on her knee hath begged that I stay at hometoday(Shakespeare, 79-81) Caesar just recalled and foreshadowed his owndeath, and yet he still leaves for the senate. Caesars arrogance is againshowed. He does not believe in fortune telling, or superstitions, althougheverything is warning him of the upcoming danger he is about to face. His wifehowever, is the opposite of him, in that she is very superstitious, she fearsher dream, and fears for her husband. There was also another warning Caesarreceived. When several men killed a beast, in the streets, they slaughtered him,and found no heart. This slaughtering of the beast was also a superstition, forthe men believed they could use the beast to determine, if there would be dangertoday. This is an excellent example of a superstition, since it something to usthat seems irrational, but to superstitious people, they would believe that abeast could foretell the future. Everyone, other then Caesar, and in theaudience, could clearly see that he should have not left his home that day, butCaesar believed he was smarter then any omen, or superstition. This was hisultimate down fall. The other superstition that played part in this play, waswhen Brutus was confronted with the ghost of Caesar, before he entered battle. .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3 , .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3 .postImageUrl , .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3 , .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3:hover , .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3:visited , .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3:active { border:0!important; } .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3:active , .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3 .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud6400fa186da114edab8bb172c0fe5f3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Explain the difference between culture Essay This superstition foretells of his own down fall. The ghost comes to him, as heis sitting up reading in his tent. Ha, who comes here- I think it is theweakness of mine eyes that shapes this monstrous apparition. It comes uponme-Art thou any thing? Art thou some god, some angel or some devil, that makestmy blood cold and my hair to stare? Speak to what thou art. Thy, evilspirit, Brutus why comst thou? To tell the thou shall see me atPhillippi Well, then I shall see thee again? Ay, atPhilippi(171-173) This is Brutuss superstition, about going into battle. He is fearful of death, and of Caesar. He knew that the ghost was an omen of hisultimate downfall, however he does not want to be regarded as a fearful orsuperstitious person, so he chose to ignore the omen The superstitions aboutdates, and events play a more important role, then apparent in this play. Theygive dilemma, and drama to the play. They also reveal many important charactertraits. They can save ones life, or take it. It is all in the personshands how they interpret the superstition. Many people in Brutus orCalpurnias position would not believe that a beast, dream, or ghost couldforetell the future. This is what makes them superstitions. In some cases thoughthey were more then just superstitions, since they came true. The omens thesecharacters received might have seemed supernatural, or impossible, but for manypeople, they rely upon superstitions, and omens to make decisions. Superstitionsare really left up to interpretation, for example, When Caesar told ofCalpurnias supers tition, about her dream, the other men interpreted in asthat, the Romans, were flourishing in Caesars blood and prosperity. Caesarfound superstitions, ridiculous and mocked them. Its really all in how, theperson understands the situation, and how they react to it, this is whatdetermines what a superstition is, and its importance. In this play, thesuperstitions were very important.

Agent Orange Essay Example For Students

Agent Orange Essay Agent Orange: The PesticideAgent orange was a mixture of herbicides that the U.S. forces sprayed in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Through many studies, scientists found that any exposure to Agent Orange may cause cancer. Hamilton Jordan feels that he may have been exposed to Agent Orange while he was in Vietnam. He developed cancer, and felt that Agent Orange contributed to this cancer. Agent orange was the chemical that was dropped over Vietnam in the late 1960s. It was not until the 1970s that the use of Agent Orange finally ceased. These chemicals were used for two general purposes; one of these was to kill the plants and trees in the jungle to uncover the North Vietnamese armies. The jungles of Vietnam were very thick, so the armies could not be seen from an aerial view. The Americans tried to eliminate this element of surprise attack by destroying the jungles. Another reason Agent Orange was used, was to destroy the enemys food supplies. Agent orange was potent enough to conta minate all the farmland of the North Vietnamese. The Americans figured that if they could destroy the enemys food supply, then the war would not last very long. Agent orange was a dangerous chemical mixed together to create a different kind of weapon and means of attack for the Americans. Hamilton Jordan was the author of the book, No Such Thing as a Bad Day. In his book he tells of his experiences in Vietnam as a volunteer in 1969. He first went over to Vietnam for the sense of adventure, but later realized how dumb a decision that was. He went over to Vietnam as part of the International Voluntary Service. This allowed him to do community service work in third world countries. Jordan explains, And I a twenty-three-year-old American who spoke about fifty words of Vietnamese and had never grown anything other than a mild beard was supposed to help these lifelong farmers learn to grow rice (46). While there, I developed a stiff neck followed by a violent fever (Jordan, 48). He was bed ridden for a few days, and then an American friend took him to the closes military base. He had a strange illness that could not be diagnosed. The American doctor told Jordan, I dont know what the hell it was whatever it was, we probably dont even have a name for it in American medicine. Im going to put it down as dengue fever (Jordan, 54). Jordan was released from the hospital after about five weeks of recovery. Agent orange is made from two chemicals. This consisted of unpurified butyl esters 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. These chemicals were used in equal amounts. Another chemical used was 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo. This was used in small, variable proportions. Around 50 million liters of Agent Orange was dropped on Vietnam. The Vietnamese people were affected the most by this chemical. These people that were exposed to this have had abnormally high incidences of miscarriages, skin diseases, cancer, birth defects, and congenital malformations. The Americans that were affected by these chemicals went to the government to ask for help for what they had done. U. S. veterans brought a class-action lawsuit against seven herbicide makers that produced Agent Orange for the U. S. military. This was settled out of court with the establishment of a 180,000,000-dollar fund to compensate around 250 claimants and their families (Encyclopedia Britannica). Agent orange proved to be a costly and effective weapon for the U. S. military. These dangerous chemicals played their role in the Vietnam War, and allowed the war to come to an end quicker. Hamilton Jordan and others were caused great sickness and suffering because of the use of this weapon. The U. S. government finally realized the dangers they were causing, and ceased using the dangerous Agent Orange in 1970.Works CitedJordan, Hamilton. No Such Thing as a Bad Day. Atlanta, Georgia: Longstreet Press, 2000. .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e , .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e .postImageUrl , .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e , .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e:hover , .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e:visited , .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e:active { border:0!important; } .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e:active , .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2c04075784ac17bce62bf6657e1dad4e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay about Analyzing Chilrdren: Child Observation EssayAgent Orange. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2000 ed. CD-ROM. Funk and Wagnalls Corporation. 2000.Chemical Catastrophes. http://triton.libs.uga.edu/WebZ/html/galileo/homeframe.html:sessionid=01-53051-1566140165.

Alfred Nobel & His Prizes Essays - Nobel Family, Alfred Nobel

Alfred Nobel & His Prizes In addressing hope, Alfred Nobel referred to it as ?nature's veil for hiding truth's nakedness?2. Such a statement encompasses the struggle associated with Nobel's lifework. Alfred Nobel's existence spanned many realms of thought and being. He was a scientist, a writer, a philosopher and humanitarian, and ultimately a philanthropist. It was probably this myriad of influences and inspirations that injected him into the core of friction between science and society, between knowledge and application. This work will elucidate Nobel's motivation for creating the Nobel Prize with the assertion that the prize is an instrument used to reconcile the incongruity between science and humanity. Alfred-Bernhard was born to his mother Caroline Andriette Nobel on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden.1 At birth he was a physically quiet and fragile infant, unlike his two older brothers, who were four and two years old respectively, and were quite energetic. Alfred's mother nourished me to health and cared for him with her bracing maternal touch. In the words of Erik Bergengren, it took ?all her tender care to keep his flickering life flame burning. She alone believed and succeeded when all others had given up hope.?2 In the following years Alfred grew, although still not physically dynamic, his mind gained much strength in the form of knowledge and an interested insatiability. Alfred writes of his school terms in the following poem: We find him now a boy. His weakness still makes him a stranger in the little world wherein he moves. When fellow-boys are playing he joins them not, a pensive looker-on; and thus debarred the pleasures of his age his mind keeps brooding over those to come.3 It is evident that Alfred felt he was physically incapable of joining with his classmates in their activities. Partly as a consequence of this Alfred gained the highest marks possible in the academic classes he took at school.2 His upbringing was an integral part of the formation of his inventive mind and logic as well as his persistence and endurance. The role of Immanuel Nobel, Alfred's father, was also crucial in molding Alfred into the man, inventor, and ingenious mind he became. It was almost as if the will and ability to invent and innovate was passed down through the generations amongst Alfred and his ancestry. His family was descended from none other than Olof Rudbeck, the best-known technical genius of Sweden's 17th century era as a Great Power in Northern Europe.3 Keeping this in mind and the fact that he was born into a family of engineers, namely, his father, we can plainly see a major avenue of influence on Alfred Nobel and his inventive ways of industry. Furthermore, having seen the source of his career choice we can now examine certain events that placed Alfred in the core of invention and industry. A year before Alfred's birth, the house he was soon to grace, lay in ashes, cradled by arms of smoke. This resulted in poverty for the family. Immanuel Nobel found himself at a loss for capital and submerged in debt and deprivation. He took a loan from his brother in-law and began inventing again only to be disheartened again by an explosion in his factory.3 Faced with the reality and responsibility of having to provide for a sizeable family Immanuel looked east, to Russia. ?Sweden now represented the scene of his bankruptcy and business losses, so he decided to leave his native land and search for his ?pot of gold' in Russia?.3 Alfred's father eventually established a position in the Russian iron mills and was able to provide for private tutoring for his sons. ?Perhaps the only way to explain the breadth and profundity of Alfred's knowledge is to call him largely self-taught.?3 Alfred was able to write in six different languages and took interest in various subjects of study; treating all of them with the utmost in significance. However, the episode of bankruptcy and paucity had left its blemish on Alfred's disposition and psyche. As he matured he gained a certain reputation for being ?gloomy, sarcastic, and misanthropic?.2 In the struggle to give Alfred and his brothers the material necessities Immanuel, their father, also bestowed upon them the ?full benefit

Heinkel He 280 Fighter in World War II

Heinkel He 280 Fighter in World War II The Heinkel He 280 was the worlds first true jet fighter. Developed by Ernst Heinkel, the aircraft built upon his earlier successes with the civilian He 178. First flying in 1941, the He 280 proved superior to the piston-engine fighters then in use by the Luftwaffe. Despite this success, Heinkel had difficulty gaining official support for the aircraft until late 1942. Plagued by engine issues, the He 280s development was eventually halted in favor of the Messerschmitt Me 262. The He 280 represents a missed opportunity for the Luftwaffe as it could have been operational a year earlier than the more famous Messerschmitt and aided Germany in maintaining air superiority over Europe. Design In 1939, Ernst Heinkel began the jet age with the first successful flight of the He 178. Flown by Erich Warsitz, the He 178 was powered by a turbojet engine designed by Hans von Ohain. Long interested in high-speed flight, Heinkel presented the He 178 to the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Reich Air Ministry, RLM) for further evaluation. Demonstrating the aircraft for RLM leaders Ernst Udet and Erhard Milch, Heinkel was disappointed when neither showed much interest. Little support could be found from RLMs superiors as Hermann Gà ¶ring preferred to endorse piston-engine fighters of proven design. Undeterred, Heinkel began moving forward with a purpose-built fighter that would incorporate the He 178s jet technology. Beginning in late 1939, the project was designated He 180. The initial result was a traditional looking aircraft with two engines mounted in nacelles under the wings. Like many Heinkel designs the He 180 featured elliptically-shaped wings and a dihedral tailplane with twin fins and rudders. Other features of the design included a tricycle landing gear configuration and the worlds first ejection seat. Designed by a team led by Robert Lusser, the He 180 prototype was complete by summer 1940. Aircraft designer Ernst Heinkel. Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-B21019 / CC-BY-SA 3.0 Development While Lussers team was making progress, engineers at Heinkel were encountering problems with the Heinkel HeS 8 engine which was intended to power the fighter. As a result, initial work with the prototype was limited to unpowered, glide tests which began on September 22, 1940. It was not until March 30, 1941, that test pilot Fritz Schfer took the aircraft up under its own power. Re-designated the He 280, the new fighter was demonstrated for Udet on April 5, but, as with the He 178, it failed to earn his active support. In another attempt to earn RLMs blessing, Heinkel organized a competition flight between the He 280 and a piston-engine Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Flying an oval course, the He 280 completed four laps before the Fw 190 had finished three. Again rebuffed, Heinkel redesigned the airframe making it smaller and lighter. This worked well with the lower thrust jet engines then available. Working with limited funding, Heinkel continued to refine and improve its engine technology. On January 13, 1942, test pilot Helmut Schenk became the first to successfully use the ejection seat when he was forced to abandon his aircraft. RLM Support As designers struggled with the HeS 8 engine, other power plants, such as the V-1s Argus As 014 pulsejet were considered for the He 280. In 1942, a third version of the HeS 8 was developed and placed in the aircraft. On December 22, another demonstration was organized for RLM which featured a mock dog fight between the He 280 and the Fw 190. During the demonstration, the He 280 defeated the Fw 190, as well as showed impressive speed and maneuverability. Finally excited about the He 280s potential, RLM ordered 20 test aircraft, with a follow-on order for 300 production aircraft. Heinkel He 280 Specifications (He 280 V3):GeneralLength: 31 ft. 1 in.Wingspan: 40 ft.Height: 10 ft.Wing Area: 233 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 7,073 lbs.Loaded Weight: 9,416 lbs.Crew: 1PerformancePower Plant: 2 Ãâ€" Heinkel HeS.8 turbojetRange: 230 milesMax Speed: 512 mphCeiling: 32,000 ft.ArmamentGuns: 3 x 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon Continuing Problems As Heinkel moved forward, problems continued to plague the HeS 8. As a result, the decision was made to abandon the engine in favor of the more advanced HeS 011. This led to delays in the He 280 program and Heinkel was forced to accept that another companies engines would need to be used. After assessing the BMW 003, the decision was made to use the Junkers Jumo 004 engine. Larger and heavier than the Heinkel engines, the Jumo drastically reduced the He 280s performance. The aircraft flew for the first time with the Jumo engines on March 16, 1943. With the reduced performance caused by the use of the Jumo engines, the He 280 was at a severe disadvantage to its primary competitor, the Messerschmitt Me 262. Several days later, on March 27, Milch ordered Heinkel to cancel the He 280 program and focus on bomber design and production. Angered by RLMs treatment of the He 280, Ernst Heinkel remained bitter about the project until his death in 1958. Only nine He 280s were ever built. A Lost Opportunity Had Udet and Milch seized upon the He 280s potential in 1941, the aircraft would have been in frontline service more than a year earlier than the Me 262. Equipped with three 30mm cannon and capable of 512 mph, the He 280 would have provided a bridge between the Fw 190 and Me 262, as well as would have permitted the Luftwaffe to maintain air superiority over Europe at a time when the Allies would have lacked a comparable aircraft. While engine issues plagued the He 280, this was a constant issue with early jet engine design in Germany. Messerschmitt Me 262. Photograph Courtesy of the US Air Force In most cases, government funding was lacking at the key early stages of development. Had Udet and Milch initially backed the aircraft, the engine problems most likely could have been rectified as part of an expanded jet engine program. Fortunately for the Allies, this was not the case and a new generation of piston-engine fighters, such as the North American P-51 Mustang and later versions of the Supermarine Spitfire, allowed them to take control of the skies from the Germans. The Luftwaffe would not field an effective jet fighter until the Me 262, which appeared in the wars final stages and was unable to significantly influence its outcome.

A Womans World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Womans World - Essay Example Sarah Moore Grimke sets the mood of her letter by talking about the set or "appropriate sphere" as she terms it, for women to lack intellectual inclinations and invite discussions about her character by not dressing, eating, socializing in a certain way or even reading novels that have been shunned by the press or people in general. This "appropriate sphere" has come to mean many things to many people where feminist policies and their formulation is concerned. Further, if she is to be believed, this period of time boasted of a distinct class consisting of a sizable amount of people, where owing to a certain amount of awareness and achievement of academic qualifications, women believe that arranged marriages are not the end all and be all. Also, this class of people held the belief that catering to the husband's every whim and fancy is not the only chore in life. While these ideals struck many as "absurd", in Grimke's own words, majority of the women were "trained" to carry out wifely duties and not bother about choosing a husband of their own liking. In this regard, it was made clear that a woman may never have a choice in anything in her life. Was this fair According to Grimke - not at all. In her letter, Grimke uses an underscore of sarcasm to show the absurdity of the situation where men enjoyed more freedom than women merely due physical strength and other attributes. Unfair as it was, this attitude shaped the belief that women are a machine that produces babies besides cooking and cleaning - a machine that does not and should not, require any kind of education or intellectual stimulation, let alone having a say in how her home must be run. This thought process was mainly an overthrow from the common notion that men are more superior. This was apparent in the fact that even if a woman did the heavy work that generally only a man does, she is not given the same pay or compensation as a man. In this way, there was always major discrimination regarding the areas of work that a woman could enter into - if at all she was allowed to embark on making a career for herself. Further, there was consensus to slavery especially among women, who have always been regarded among min orities. This led Grimke to end her letter by saying that rendering dignity alone will lead a woman to truly serve and respect her husband besides giving her a real objective and sense of duty in life. Therefore, in her letter, Grimke mirrored the trends of her time by going ahead of the same to show her concern for this plight. TOPIC 2: The Spiritual Role of Women (550 words - excluding title) No woman is complete unless she reaches into her soul to show the world her strength and to use this very ocean of strength to build a family and keep a happy home. In the Appeal to the Christian Women of the South - Heath Anthology of American Literature, Angelina Grimke starts her letter by taking a stance - one that revolves around genuine interest in the welfare of women belonging to the Christian sympathy, as she refers to it. Talking to the women from the same religious denomination as that of the Gospel fellowship, Angelina wishes to